Greek to Roman Architecture - 544 Words

When shown iconic pictures of the Parthenon and the Colosseum, most people automatically know which building is Greek and which is Roman, However, show them pictures of the Forum of Trajan, the Pantheon, or the Agora, and they will be flipping coins trying to guess which is Roman architecture and which is Greek architecture. It is one thing being able to identify which building belongs to which civilization, it another being able to distinguish the subtle style changes within each mega structure. Very similar to a textbook and essay, Greek architecture is like a textbook, and the Romans used the textbook to write an essay. Although not completely copied or â€Å"plagiarized† the foundation of Roman architecture is founded on Greek architecture. With the help of the Etruscan and Roman ingenuity, the Romans were able to take Greek architecture to a whole new level and call it Roman architecture. Greek architecture has been commonly looked at as the building of democracy, often t ime people associate the post-and-lintel building element with the Greeks. However, the Romans used post-and-lintel system in their architecture too. One of the ways of distinguishing which building belongs to which civilization, is simply looking at the style of columns used. There are three post-and-lintel styles, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Greeks mainly used Doric and Ionic columns in their architecture. â€Å"The Parthenon is often viewed as the embodiment of Classical Doric architecture† (97). TheShow MoreRelatedRoman Architecture : Greek Architecture1345 Words   |  6 PagesRoman architecture was a very large part of Roman culture. Architecture in Rome was not solely created by the Romans, but was influenced greatly by other cultures such as the Greeks and the Etruscans.This is demonstrated by the examples of other civilization’s architecture within the Roman Empire.The combination of the cultures led to new types and styles of architecture, helping to c reate a style of Roman architecture which showed influences of Greece and the Etruscans. Roman architecture has itsRead MoreHistory Of Roman And Greek Architecture1518 Words   |  7 PagesRoman and Greek architecture is something to be revered. It is fascinating that people lacking the advanced technology we have today could create monuments of such magnitude and perfection. Commonly, these temples were built to worship and honor deities, and so they must be built pristine. Although the Romans sometimes cut corners when it came to materials in order to remain economic, they definitely didn’t cut any when it came to scale and appearance. Many early civilizations recycled styles andRead MoreThe Influence of the Greeks and Romans on Architecture894 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.† (Gehry, 2012). What Frank Gehry was trying to say in simple terms was our culture cannot do without proper appreciation of its classical roots and it goes without saying that the Romans and Greeks have influenced art and architecture with its classical style in a number of different ways. Allow me to give a definition for the word classical. â€Å"Classical† refers to any art or architecture modelled after ancientRead MoreAncient Greek And Roman Architecture Essay1972 Words   |  8 Pagesmain similarities and differences associated with ancient Greek and Roman architecture. This paper will venture to distinguish the physical and integral differences between ancient Roman and Greek architecture. It will also determine the similarities associated with these two variations of ancient architecture. In addition, this paper will explain why and how these forms of architecture are still relev ant in today’s society. Ancient architecture is not just a thing of the past; it’s more prevalent inRead MoreAncient Roman And Greek Architecture1275 Words   |  6 PagesModern Architecture around the globe had been influenced by ancient Roman and Greek architectural. Although both ancient Romans and Greeks are recognized for their innovations in architecture having both constructed a variety of buildings and structures that can still be appreciated today, they appear to have concentrated mostly on the creation of temples which at first sight seem similar but in reality they each diverged and had their own identity and served for different purposes. Ancient Greek andRead MoreComparing Greek and Roman Architecture Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesWhen comparing Greek and Roman architecture and design we see many similarities as well as differences. Greek culture and society came into fruition roughly 1250 years before the rise of the Roman Empire and Roman artisans were strongly inï ¬â€šuenced by their Greek predecessors. However, the Greeks were not without their own inï ¬â€šuences. Egyptian building styles and art were reï ¬ ned by the Greeks as seen in their use of column and lintel construction. It is notable that inï ¬â€šuence from Persia and the AncientRead More Greek and Roman Architecture Essay example1107 Words   |  5 PagesGreek and Roman Architecture Greek and Roman architecture is truly amazing. They each had great ideas, and fabulous productions. It is said that the Pantheon is to Italy what the Parthenon is to Greece. Both are tremendous monuments that reek of culture and history. Each had a purpose which was displayed by the design and construction of each. There are such great meanings behind each of these architecural structures. The Romans and the Greeks alike worshipped and dedicated their structuresRead MoreComparing Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman Architecture Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesMinoans. The Minoans built the foundation of Greece. The Roman Empire was founded around 753 B.C. by the two twins, Romulus and Remus. Romulus ended up killing Remus and built the city of Rome on one of seven rolling hills. Architecture was very important to both civilizations and they were always trying to out due the other. The architectural style of the Ancient Greeks and Romans was overall constructed and used differently. The ancient Greeks developed a system of orders which were known as columnsRead MoreWhat Did Greek Architecture Influence Roman Temples? Essay2188 Words   |  9 PagesDid Greek Architecture Influence Roman Temples Pengnanxi Wang Registration No: 150152532 Of all arts, Roman architecture were the most remarkable and original. Roman architecture took shape in a world that was already dominated both by the substance and idea of Greek achievement. Yet the relationship between Ancient Greek and Rome was not simply one of master to pupil, other cultures were involved as well such as the Etruscan civilization. Undoubtedly Ancient Greek and Etruscan architecture playedRead MoreGreek And Roman Ideas778 Words   |  4 Pages Greek and Roman Ideals When considering the ancient Greek and Roman ideals you can see the distinct similarities in their art, government, monotheism, and architecture. The Romans duplicated many of the Greek styles and modified them to suit their lifestyles. Greece and Rome influences can be seen in art today with the use of concepts, techniques, and styles that were founded by the Greek classical ideal. These include techniques for carving sculptures and the construction of massive metropolitan

The Epidemic Of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - 1893 Words

Introduction Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe and often deadly illness named after a river in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaà ¯re) where it was ï ¬ rst identiï ¬ ed in 1976 with a high case fatality rate lying between 50 and 90%. Outbreaks between 1972 and 2007 are shown in Table 1. The disease ï ¬ rst came into the limelight in 1976 in Zaà ¯re and Sudan in 1976 [17]. Its origin is still unknown and it is widely believed that Ebola virus is transmitted to humans from discrete life cycles in animals or insects, but regardless of the original source. Person-to-person transmission is the means by which Ebola outbreaks and epidemics progress. Bioterrorism threats as well as emergence of new pandemic and drug-resistant variants of known infections require development of the tools that would adequately predict occurrence of epidemics, assess efficiency of countermeasures, and optimize the efforts directed towards provision of biological safety. Mathematical modeling has emerged as an important tool for gaining understanding of the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases. The need of accurate models describing the epidemic process are vital, because infectious diseases outbreaks disturb the host population and has ï ¬ nancial and health consequences. There is also the need to use sound statistical analysis methods to test the ï ¬ t of such models to observed data to account for uncertainties by means of probabilistic models. The optimization of the control of anShow MoreRelatedEbola Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesEbola Impact on Human Health amp; Hygiene Essay Historically Ebola has had a serious impact on human health and hygiene and still does due to the fact of no vaccine or treatment being discovered, but thanks to improvements in scientific and medical knowledge the virus itself is now controllable. Ebola is the virus Ebolavirus (EBOV), a viral genus, and the disease Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). The virus is named after the Ebola River Valley in the DemocraticRead MoreEbola: More Research is Needed To Find a Cure Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesEbola Hemorrhagic Fever is a severe and often deadly illness that occurs in humans and primates. Ebola viruses are members of the filovirus family. The Ebola virus causes the infection of this disease. There are four subtypes of the Ebola virus that have occurred in humans: Ebola Sudan, Ebola Zaire, Ebola Ivory Coast, and Ebola Bundibogyo. There was also a case of Ebola that occurred in a non-human in Reston, Virginia. The Zaire virus was the first Ebola virus discovered and it is also consideredRead MoreThe Ebola Virus1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ebola Virus A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The virus provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. There are more than 200 viruses thatRead MoreThe Ebola Virus Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesDisease name Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) Four identified subtypes of Ebola: (4)  · Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast (cause disease in humans)  · Ebola-Reston (cause disease in non-human primates only) Means of Transmission Person-to-person transmission Direct contact of blood, secretions, semen, vomit, diarrhea (1) or organs of infected person Sexually transmitted - â€Å"Transmission through semen may occur up to 7 weeks after clinical recovery, asRead MoreEssay about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever1267 Words   |  6 PagesEbola Hemorrhagic Fever Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976. The disease is caused by infection with Ebola virus, named after a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in Africa, where it was first recognized. The virus is one of two members of a family of RNA viruses called the Filoviridae. Three ofRead MoreEbola Virus Disease : History, Transmission Pathogenesis951 Words   |  4 PagesEbola Virus Disease: History, Transmission Pathogenesis The Ebola virus disease (EVD) was initially discovered in 1976; which originated from the Ebola River Valley in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). EVD is a severe, often fatal disease affecting humans, and nonhuman primates. Outbreaks occur in Africa affecting mostly the central and western portions of the continent. Formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, but the recent outbreak illustrates viruses’ ability to manifest itself withoutRead MoreEbola Virus Is An Infectious Organism1515 Words   |  7 PagesEbola is one of the deadliest viruses known to mankind! Ebola was originally named Ebola hemorrhagic fever due to its hemorrhagic nature. It is a rare but deadly disease caused by infection from an Ebola virus vector. Ebola can be contracted by humans and nonhumans such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. The Ebola virus has been detected in blood and many body fluids, including: saliva, mucus, vomit, feces, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine, semen, and vaginal flu ids (Willett 16). Ebola can lingerRead MoreOutbreak of Ebola792 Words   |  3 PagesEbola was first recognized in 1976 as the cause of outbreaks of disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire) and in Sudan. About three hundred people in each of the two nations were infected with the virus, resulting in a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire, and 53% in Sudan (Bulletin of the WHO 1978). The disease as it was discovered spread through direct contact of unmans to humans, and then thought, from non-human primates to humans. The epidemic was a result of unsafe andRead MoreEbola Outbreak Of West Africa1655 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the late 1970s, the international community was alarmed by the discovery of the Ebola virus. (Schwarz and Siegl, 1996) It was the ‘causative agent’ (Peters and Peters, 2015) of EHF (Ebola hemorrhagic fever). Ebola stems from a virus family know as Filoviridae. The virus targets various parts of the body causing a critical sickness of fever, diarrhoea, vomiting and in severe cases bleeding. However, infections do not always lead to death. ‘In previous outbreaks, 40-90% of known infectionsRead MoreThe Ebola Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pages In the year 1976, Ebola climbed out of its unknown hiding place, and caused the death of 340 people. Fear gripped the victims faces, and uncertainty tortured their minds. The people of Zaire waited outside clinics, churches and in their homes for a treatment of the horrible disease, but there was no cure. They were forced to watch people die, hoping that they would be saved from the violent death of the Ebola virus. From the year of 1976 to the present date of 1996, researchers have searched for

Small Businesses Sole Proprietorships

Question: Discuss about theSmall Businessesfor Sole Proprietorships. Answer: Introduction This assignment seeks to analyze the article related to the nature of small businesses, how they operate, current trends as well as the various challenges and barriers they face in the global markets. SMEs are described as privately owned corporations, partnerships or sole proprietorships with less than nine employees and have less annual revenue as compared to regular sized businesses or corporations (Thornton, 2011). Examples of small businesses are service or retail shops, convenience stores, restaurants, and small grocery stores. Challenges Facing Small Businesses Even though some small businesses manage to stand and move against all the odds, they are faced with several challenges, most of which lead to business failures and eventual collapse. Among these challenges are susceptibility to internal power wrangles, planning problems, cash-flow concerns, excessive regulatory barriers and the inability to evaluate the businesses. Businesses that are run by the family have many conflicts and large extents of friction between employees since employees find it easy to criticize and despise their bosses who happen to be their kin. They tend to be lazy since the business is theirs to run and there is less or no risk of being dismissed (Baker, 2011). Small businesses are left behind as far as succession planning is concerned. Very few of these businesses have formal succession plans. They also lack access to funding which is necessary for proper growth since it is difficult for them to access the various loan facilities and grants offered by financial lending institutions. It is also difficult for them to attract investors who can boost the businesses due to their small operation scales. SMEs struggle so much at the hands of regulatory authorities that they consider the best option is to close down rather than push through the challenges posed by regulations (Johnson, 2007). Apart from that, they have been found to shy away from processes that head towards the direction of global expansion. This is because they cannot manage to hire qualified professionals to train and take them through the strategies needed to excel in international markets. Research Problem The researcher has adequately formulated the research problem. The main here was to give us a brief overview of how small businesses, particularly in Europe and Russia, operate as well as the challenges they face. It has further discussed the number of small firms that have been opened, the parliamentary systems surrounding them and the influenced caused by bureaucratic systems on the life of the small businesses. The concept of the number of employed people without employees is also analyzed alongside the problems of corruption and unemployment. It has described that small businesses play a significant role in the economy and social life of people. Unemployment levels are rising alongside inflationary pressures. Regulatory and legislative procedures are mostly hindering many small businesses desire to expand and operate at higher levels. It has lastly described how corruption has established its roots and is, therefore, becoming a significant challenge for small businesses and shows how the economy of the corrupt nations is suffering. Objectives of the Study The researcher has clearly stated the objectives of the survey. The intention was to examine global issues surrounding small businesses in various countries. The questions about corruption, unemployment, legislative processes, and bureaucratic processes have been explained. The main problem here is to make readers understand the factors that can modify the life of small companies which translates to the conclusion that all the factors mentioned above should be thoroughly analyzed to forecast how the economy could change as well as the resolutions that can improve the lives of small businesses. The researcher has provided data that contains percentages, figures, references as well as graphs to adequately analyze the major topics of concern. This is in conformation to the scientific requirements. Small Businesses and Decentralization of Economic Power Decentralization is used in this case to denote the process of redistributing market operations of the businesses across various regions away from the central powers of one big business (Ezcurra, 2011). The researcher suggests that in a given urban area, there are a lot of goods and services that must be provided to consumers but leaving one large company to meet the demands will not be effective. There is a claim that if it happens that way, then it gives monopoly powers to the big businesses that raise prices and leads to exploitation of consumers. It is, therefore, wise enough to allow many companies to operate in that area which brings competition and thus leads to the right prices and quality of goods and services offered (Wales, 2011). Indices of Euro Stat It was noted that the number of closed small businesses decreased by 8533 companies in Spain from 2009 to 2012. 72740 fewer companies were closing down in the United Kingdom in 2012. In France, 20% fewer companies closed. Romania experienced a decrease of -84%. Latvia and Lithuania registered -52% and -76% decrease respectively. Implication It can be affirmed that the governments are working hard in their attempts to eliminate economic crisis. I can further learn that the fundamental aim of small businesses is to decrease unemployment or maintain it where it is. The disparity between the poor and the rich can also be reduced here when small businesses flourish. Conclusion The paper has adequately analyzed the concept of small business operations, factors surrounding them, the challenges facing them as well as the various strategies that can be helpful in improving the life of such firms that aim at reducing unemployment and poverty levels. References Baker, W. E., Sinkula, J. M. (2009). The complementary effects of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on profitability in small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(4), 443-464. Bates, T., Jackson, W. E., Johnson, J. H. (2007). Introduction: Advancing research on minority entrepreneurship. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 613, 10-17. Glenn Richey Jr, R., Haozhe Chen, Rahul Upreti, Stanley E. Fawcett, and Frank G. Adams. "The moderating role of barriers on the relationship between drivers to supply chain integration and firm performance." International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management 39, no. 10 (2009): 826-840. Rodrguez-Pose, A., Ezcurra, R. (2011). Is fiscal decentralization harmful for economic growth? Evidence from the OECD countries. Journal of Economic Geography, 11(4), 619-643. Thornton, P. H., Ribeiro-Soriano, D., Urbano, D. (2011). Socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity: An overview. International small business journal, 0266242610391930. Wales, W. J., Gupta, V. K., Mousa, F. T. (2011). Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment and suggestions for future research. International small business Journal, 0266242611418261.

The Six Day War free essay sample

The Six Day War as it became known was the third conflict between Israel and Arab nations. It was essentially a continuation of the first two conflicts as they were never really resolved. As it is the causes of the Six Day war were the same as earlier, Arab disdain for Israel’s existence. The Six Day war would be caused by this general rule and the fact as hostilities heightened, Egypt would cut off Israel’s shipping routes, cutting supply of oil from Iran. More specifically Egypt has expelled United Nations troops from the Sinai Peninsula and blockaded Israel’s port of Eliat, which by international law was an act of war. These events along with misguided Soviet information and calls from Arab leaders to destroy Israel would lead to the Six Day War. In the spring of 1967, tensions amongst the Arab nations and Israel were on high alert, as terrorist raids against Israel coming from Syria. We will write a custom essay sample on The Six Day War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Israel grew tired of these raids, as they were aimed at its infrastructure, so in response to the raids by Syrian forces it placed armored tractors in the demilitarized zones, which as the plan goes would wait to be fired upon and hit, then they had cause to fire back. The Israeli plan would go into effect and as a result the hostilities would heighten as Israel would shoot down several Syrian planes, while the Palestinian fighters would plant mines along Israel’s border with Syria, Jordan and Lebanon (Oren 2002). As tensions mounted between Israel and the Arab nations, Soviet meddling would come into play. On May 15, Anwar Sadat, the Speaker of the National Assembly would visit Moscow, where he would be told by the Soviets that Israel had planned to invade Syria during the May 16 through May 22 time frame, all of this would prove to be false. Soviet intelligence cited the fact that Israeli troops parading in western Jerusalem, for Israel’s Independence Day, were doing so without heavy weapons, which they said were being amassed along the northern border with Syria. The reason as it turns out they were devoid of weaponry during their parades is to ease Arab tensions in the area. Sadat would pass this information along to Egypt and President Nasser, who would then parade Egypt’s forces through Cairo along its way to the Sinai Peninsula (Cleveland, 2009). On May 14, evidence that disputed Soviet information of an Israeli troop buildup along its Northern border with Syria would be ignored. Gen. Muhammed Fawzi, would tour the area reportedly rife with Israeli troops, only to find none, These findings would be confirmed by the head of Egyptian intelligence, the CIA and U. S. embassy in Cairo, but would be ignored by Nasser and his buildup of troops would continue (www. sixdaywar. org,2010). Israel would put its troops on alert, but sent its diplomats in to service, trying to avert war, or at least showing that they were not interested in a war. But to no avail as Egyptian and Palestinian forces would triple in the days between May 14 and 16th on the Sinai Peninsula (Oren, 2002). After the troop buildup, Egypt would evict UN Forces that been deployed to try and avert a war between Israel and Egypt. On May 16th presented the United Nations Emergency Force a demand to withdraw from key locations, so UN Secretary General U Thant decided to withdraw all UN forces. The final straw would come on May 22, as Egypt blocked the Strait of Tiran to Israeli shipping, which is an act of war under international law. This decision set of the Arab war, Lebanon, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia would all activate their armies. While the Arab nations were preparing for war, Israel was still trying to appeal for a diplomatic solution and for other nations to become involved (Cleveland, 2009). After the many attempts at diplomacy, most through back channel discussion with the U. S. , Israel voted on June 4, 1967, by a Cabinet vote of 12-2 to go to war, which would begin early the next morning, June, 1967. By its name the war only lasted six days, Israel launched a preemptive strike against the Egyptian army and crippled the Egyptian air force and routed the armies in Gaza and on the Sinai Peninsula. After three days of fierce fighting Israel would also defeat Jordanian forces and would deal a decisive blow to Syria on June 9, Syria had proposed a cease fire on that day but Israel would accept it the next day, as they didn’t want the Syrians remaining in the Golan Heights, where they had attacked Israel for so long and on June 10, 1967 a cease fire was observed by Israel, six days after the war began (Oren, 2002). The immediate aftermath of the war was one of diplomacy, or so Israel would have thought after their resounding defeat of the Arab nations. The rapid defeat of the Arab nations would damage the national pride of the Arab nations and increased the Palestinian refugee problems , as hundreds of thousands would flee the Israeli controlled West Bank area, and would heavily influence the policies of their now new nations. The new borders established by Israel after the war are the reason that the region is still in conflict today.

Sample Compare Essay in MLA Format for Sixth Graders

Sample Compare Essay in MLA Format for Sixth GradersMost fourth, fifth and sixth graders are accustomed to having an additional course within the conventional curriculum that they might need to have studied in order to satisfy the general education requirements. However, when considering a sample compare contrast essay in MLA format for sixth graders, it's important to keep certain aspects in mind.If your child is currently in the eleventh grade, it's imperative that you find a large variety of essay topics. For example, he or she might be choosing between some of the topics listed below, or even more.Many local school board organizations, if not all, provide extensive materials to assist their district in this regard. As a parent, you can request such programs, which are often available online, as well as at various local libraries. Be sure to request such materials from your own school.Students are sometimes presented with basic algebra problems during regular classes. In addition, it's a good idea to present students with at least one advanced math class, either in an eleventh or twelfth grade English class. Consider incorporating advanced math into any of your literature and history or social studies classes.Mature students are typically more proficient in math than younger students, and may be additionally interested in taking a literature or social studies class. Of course, such a class will require more study time in order to achieve sufficient results, but again, it may be advantageous to have students taking math and writing on the same assignment.A sample compare contrast essay in MLA format for sixth graders can also be designed in Texas High School Curriculum. Most high schools will have a similar program, which includes an optional pre-algebra class as well as a standard math class. Obviously, the pre-algebra class would be more focused on the subject matter of the beginning algebra.If your child is presently enrolled in an eleventh grade English c lass, an MLA format for sixth graders can make your choice more appealing. Then again, if your child is presently enrolled in a sixth grade course in an English class, you might consider giving him or her a grammar writing assignment in an English literature class. Again, remember to ask your high school instructor about any writing assignments in English literature or other English language classes.

The Prince Essays (969 words) - Machiavellianism,

The Prince Governing countries and states properly has been a difficult task from the beginning of time. In every country there will be people to who are unhappy and will disagree with your rule, causing your system to fail. So, century after century, people have tried new ways to make their politics suffice everyone's needs. However, the art of politics is a complicated and challenging issue that will always be needed to be dealt with. There have been many ways in which people have preached their ideas on politics, but none were better than those of Niccolo Machiavelli. Born in 1469, Niccolo was adamant in creating a master plan for seizing and controlling power. He voiced these themes on what it takes to be a prince of a state in his magnificent book, The Prince. In his book many themes were expressed in order to fulfill the role of a prince. These themes ranged from human nature to military force and most importantly virtue. Machavelli believed that the state is the highest achievement of man and one should love the state more than his own soul. Being the perfect prince is clearly a difficult task, but if done correctly, it can be very rewarding. Machiavelli also believed that human nature does not change. In general Machiavelli thought people were ungrateful, selfish, and insincere people, who only care about themselves. Therefore the government must take account for man's true nature and use his qualities for its purposes. Machiavelli also explained that a ruler who intends to be successful must be prepared to do bad things when necessary. He must sometimes caress, sometimes hurt, sometimes forgive, and sometimes punish. This requirement must override all moral judgments, and when making the decision, the ruler must act without hesitation. Hesitation would project ?false wisdom?. Another, and probably the most important concept of political success is the idea of virtue. Virtue means strength, intelligence, and courage, the necessary qualities of any human being. Machiavelli felt that the quality of virtue was found in some of the world's most important leaders; Moses, Cyrus, and Romulus to name a few. Governments ruled by an individual depends upon this leaders virtue. Without it, the political success will crumble. Aside from virtue there is fortune or fate as we sometimes put it. Although Machiavelli feels that the quality of virtue is necessary for a states success, chance or luck also has an affect. He feels that in life no matter how much intelligence and strength you have, there is a part of life in which you have little or no control over. Virtue being a powerful quality, Machiavelli saw its potential to build a defense against fortune. However, fortune is inconsistent and variable so, you must treat it like a woman. Machiavelli states, and I quote, ?fortune is woman, and it is necessary, if you wish to master her, to conquer her by force?. His point is that when you encounter fortune, you must approach it aggressively. Machiavelli said that the ruler must be able to imitate both the lion and the fox. He is saying that the qualities of a ruler must show the bravery and strength of a lion, but also, the slyness of the fox. These characteristics are imperative for a new ruler especially. That way he can get the respect from the people right away. An example of one ruler who showed both the qualities of a lion and a fox was Septimus Serverus, a Roman emperor from 193-211 A.D. Another quality of a ruler should be that he is both loved and feared. In actuality, it is almost impossible to be both those, so it is better to be feared. Love can lose effectiveness because of human nature. When something conflicts, love can easily be overcome for one's own private interests. And fear on the other hand is maintained by the dread of punishment, which is always present. Machiavelli made it very clear why it is better to be feared than loved. Another quality of a prince is that it is better to be considered merciful than cruel, but mercy must never be misused. Machiavelli declared that the art of war was the subject of most importance to the ruler. A prince can be attacked in two ways: internally, by conspiracies, and externally, by enemies. A prince can defend himself from external attacks by having good armed forces and good friends. He can defend himself from conspiracies by avoiding hatred. Machiavelli also stated that no prince should disarm his subjects

The eNotes Blog Explaining the Kindle toDickens

Explaining the Kindle toDickens Recently, Rachel Walsh, an illustration student at the Cardiff School of Art and Design, was given the following project: Explain something modern/internet based to someone who lived and died before 1900. Cardiff chose the Kindle and to explain it to Charles Dickens. She took forty books Dickens either wrote, were among his noted favorites, and a few books of her own selection she thought he would enjoy. Then she painstakingly created miniatures of each work, rendering their covers in minute detail, carved small portals into a regular sized book and placed each tiny tome in the spaces. That way, she could show Dickens how an eReader stores dozens (in reality, hundreds) of books in a single slim volume. What else might we explain about our modern/connected world to someone who died before the turn of the twentieth century? Here are some suggestions from loyal Official Blog readers: Explaining Farmville to John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed) How do you explain the thrills of virtual farming to the man who single-handedly, and largely on foot, populated the American Midwest with apple trees? Explaining Wikipedia to Noah Webster I wonder how Webster, called the Father of American Scholarship and Education, would feel about this equal-access encyclopedia. Maybe hed be fine with it, but I have my doubts Explaining Match.com to Jane Austen Somehow I do not think Ms. Austen would be amused. Explaining Google Earth to Christopher Columbus Native Americans probably wish this had been around. Explaining Modern Crime Scene Forensics to Sherlock Holmes (Okay, we know Holmes is a fictional character, but you get the idea.) How about you?   Wed love to hear what sorts of modern marvels you might try to explain to a person living before 1900. What would your pairing be?