Symbolism in Days Of Heaven (1978) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Symbolism in Days Of Heaven (1978) - Essay Example The characters were enticed to do wrong in many symbolic acts that carried significant meaning. They were subsequently deprived of the Lord’s blessing and suffered tragedies. This movie was a love story, full of tragedies and disasters. The protagonist, Bill, and his two friends, Blackie and Steve were dragging away a safe they had stolen when a group of policemen stopped them. Steve was shot by a policeman and died in Bill’s arms. It was a parody of a story from Genesis 4:8; ‘Now Cain said to his brother Abel, â€Å"Lets go out to the field.† And while they were in the field, Cain attacked his brother Abel and killed him.’ (Zondervan 8). Only in Days Of Heaven, Bill didn’t directly kill Steve but maybe their crime of theft indirectly killed him. Bill broke a commandment and became a fugitive from the law. When Abby got married to Chuck Shepard, Chuck paid Bill more wages than he deserved although he suspected that Bill wasn’t Abby†™s brother but her boyfriend. Chuck gave extra money to Bill in a gesture that was symbolic of a peace offering to compensate Bill for giving up Abby and letting him (Chuck) have her as his wife. Bill recognized this as a symbolic act of reconciliation and he refused to accept it because of his pride. When Benson voiced his suspicions to Chuck about the validity of Bill and Abby’s sibling relationship, Chuck would rather not hear although he indicated he saw through the masquerade. Chuck’s refusal to hear or investigate the truth is symbolic. He was blinded by love for Abby.

Ambiguity of a Written Contract in Australia

Ambiguity of a Written Contract in Australia Do you think that a written contract must be ambiguous before an Australian court may hear surrounding circumstances evidence? In order to answer the question, I think it fit to discuss the principles for interpreting written commercial contracts. Principles of Interpretation Interpretation of a written contract involves establishing the parties bargain. This involves an understanding of express and unexpressed terms in contracts and is of the utmost importance as these interpretations will impact a partys legal rights and obligations. An objective approach must always be used in the interpretation of a commercial contract and the meaning of terms determined by what a reasonable businessperson would have understood those terms to mean if it was in the position of the parties at the time the contract was made.[1] The process of interpretation may require an investigation of the text, the context and the purpose of the transaction in order to establish the bargain between parties.[2] In the event that a contract is unambiguous, the process of interpretation may be concluded by an investigation of the text alone; however, this is not always possible or indeed the case, and the process of interpretation requires an understanding of the context, commercial purpose and object of the transaction.[3] As to the question of text, the exact meaning of the words used and their legal effect on the parties must be established. The contract must be given its natural and ordinary meaning unless that meaning would create an absurdity or inconsistency[4]. The interpretation of text may involve a review of the contract itself, the language used, including definitions and grammar, and maxims or cannons of interpretation which, amongst others, include interpreting the contract document as a whole, giving effect to all parts of the contract, and precedence of special and terms and conditions over general provisions. An investigation of the context of a transaction has been described as the matrix of fact[5] and it requires an understanding of the transactions genesis, background facts and ultimate purpose. I will discuss below the admissibility of evidence of surrounding circumstances external to the contract. The Debate and Uncertainty There has been considerable debate in Australian courts regarding the extent to which recourse may be had to evidence of surrounding circumstances in construing contracts, in light of Mason Js true rule in Codelfa. Much controversy exists in Australian courts in relation to the decision in Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (Codelfa)[6] and recent Australian High Court decisions, namely Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy (Woodside)[7] and Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting (Mount Bruce)[8] in respect of the extent to which a court may hear evidence of surrounding circumstances evidence without there being ambiguity. Perhaps as a consequence of the conflict raised in respect of Mason Js judgement in Codelfa, it is also arguable whether the judgment advocates a literal (the text being dominant) or contextual (requires background against which words are used) approach to contract interpretation. Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales Is evidence of surrounding circumstances admissible in the interpretation of a contract without there being any ambiguity in the language of the contract? A logical starting point for any inquiry as to the above question and the role of ambiguity as a possible threshold or gateway should start with that said by Mason J in Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (Codelfa):[9] The true rule is that evidence of surrounding circumstances is admissible to assist in the interpretation of the contract if the language is ambiguous or susceptible of more than one meaning. But it is not admissible to contradict the language of the contract when it has a plain meaning. At first glance, Mason Js true rule appears to affirm a common view and often cited reason by the judiciary that any use of evidence of surrounding circumstances to assist in the interpretation of a contract is strictly banned unless ambiguity can be shown in the language of the contract. This view supports the proposition of an ambiguity gateway[10], that gateway existing to condition the admissibility of evidence of surrounding circumstances where there is ambiguity. Codelfa an alternative interpretation An alternative interpretation lies in the suggestion that what in fact Mason J stated as the true rule at page 352 of Codelfa is in fact in unison with the rest of his analysis. A careful review of Mason Js judgement (with whom Stephen and Wilson JJ agreed), specifically at pages 347 to 352 reveals that in the preceding paragraphs to the deliberation of the true rule, Mason J endorses and accepts the admissibility of evidence of surrounding circumstances to aid in the proper construction of a contract, as words are rarely ever isolated from the context in which they were set.[11] Mason J quotes from various passages of previous judgments, repeatedly emphasising the admissibility of whilst confirming that evidence of surrounding circumstances cannot be used for ascertaining a partys subjective intentions. The true rule could therefore be interpreted as simply confirming Mason Js view that evidence of surrounding circumstances can in fact be admitted to: Identify the meaning of a descriptive term;[12] Clarify the genesis and purpose of the transaction;[13] and Aid in clarifying ambiguous language in the contract[14] so long as the surrounding circumstances are not used to contradict and change the plain meaning of the contract language used. In summary and based on the above, the true rule is better interpreted as meaning that evidence of surrounding circumstances is admissible when the language is ambiguous. Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd The case involved an obligation by one of the parties to use reasonable endeavours and the High Court confirmed that reasonable endeavours are not absolute or unconditional in nature and stated that some contracts expressing an obligation to use reasonable endeavours contain their own internal standard of what is reasonable, by some express reference relevant to the business interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[15] This meant that Woodside recognised the fluid nature of reasonable endeavours which would inherently require an investigation of all background facts and thereby allowing or even requiring the inclusion of evidence of surrounding circumstances. Whilst the High Court did not directly address the controversy surrounding the true rule it has recognised the objective approach to contract interpretation and affirmed the mandatory[16] nature of the requirement to consider the text used and the surrounding information, as well as the context and genesis of the transaction, including the market conditions in which the parties are operating.[17] Construing a commercial contract so as to avoid it making commercial nonsense andintended for the contract to produce a commercial result.[18] I interpret this statement as confirming that all relevant information is admissible, will require consideration and therefore does not rule out evidence of surrounding circumstances to either resolve or establish an ambiguity. Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd The most recent authority of the High Court dealing with admissibility of evidence, delivered in 2015. It was common ground that the contract was ambiguous and the judgment did not directly tackle or resolve the ambiguity gateway question.[19] Instead, it reiterated previously agreed contract interpretation approaches that include reference to objective background information, setting and context in order to interpret a commercial contract so as to avoid it making commercial nonsense or working commercial inconvenience.[20] Judgments made confirm that the commercial purpose of a transaction is a primary consideration of contract interpretation. It reveals that whilst, the ambiguity gateway question was not directly resolved, it nevertheless reaffirms that resolution of ambiguity may be achieved by reference to all background surrounding circumstances. The judges affirmed that nothing in their deliberation was intended to state any departure from the law as set out in Codelfa and Woodside.[21] Conclusion Codelfa made an authoritative statement which, properly construed, illustrates a contextual interpretation of contracts in which, beyond the simple grammatical interpretation of words devoid of context, the interpretation of the contract is informed by evidence of surrounding circumstances and an interrogation of the context and relevant background to find the objective purpose of the transaction. I regard Woodside and Mount Bruce decisions as being consistent with Mason Js true rule and overall judgment in Codelfa (with whom Stephen and Wilson JJ agreed) as well as Brennan Js views and judgment[22] in the same case. The supposed requirement in Codelfa which prevents the admission of evidence of surrounding circumstances unless there is ambiguity, the so called ambiguity gateway has not been confirmed by the High Court. An alternative interpretation of Codelfa also reconciles with the decisions in Woodside and Mount Bruce. Mason Ls comments in Codelfa where he stated that a distinction between reliance on surrounding circumstances to raise or resolve an ambiguity is perhaps more apparent than real[23] may shed light in respect of where Australian law is or should be heading in respect of admission of evidence of surrounding circumstances. Finally, until the High Court affirms its position it will no doubt lead to continuing controversy. Word count 1520 [1] Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251 CLR 640 at 35 [2] Ibid [3] Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37 at 47 [4] Sir Kim Lewison David Hughes, The Interpretation of Contracts in Australia, Thomson Reuters, 2012, 5 [5] See Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37 at 108 and Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337 at 351 [6] Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337 [7] Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251 CLR 640 [8] Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37 [9] Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337 at 352 [10] Daniel Reynolds, Construction of Contracts after Mount Bruce Mining v Wright Prospecting (2016) 90 Australian Law Journal 190 [11] Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337 at 347-352 [12] Ibid at 351 [13] Ibid [14] Ibid 352 refer to Mason Js true rule statement [15] Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251 CLR 640 at 41-43 [16] See mandatory requirement it will require considerationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251 CLR 640 at 35 [17] Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251 CLR 640 at 35 [18] Ibid [19] See Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37, at 52, 113 and 118 [20] Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37 at 50-51 [21] Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37 at 52 [22] Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337 at 401 [23] Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337 at 350

Albert Einstein And His Theories :: essays research papers

Albert Einstein and His Theories Einstein, Albert (1879-1955), German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate, best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and for his bold hypothesis concerning the particle nature of light. He is perhaps the most well-known scientist of the 20th century. Einstein was born in Ulm on March 14, 1879, and spent his youth in Munich, where his family owned a small shop that manufactured electric machinery. He did not talk until the age of three, but even as a youth he showed a brilliant curiosity about nature and an ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts. At the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry. Einstein hated the dull regimentation and unimaginative spirit of school in Munich. When repeated business failure led the family to leave Germany for Milan, Italy, Einstein, who was then 15 years old, used the opportunity to withdraw from the school. He spent a year with his parents in Milan, and when it became clear that he would have to make his own way in the world, he finished secondary school in Arrau, Switzerland, and entered the Swiss National Polytechnic in Zà ¼rich. Einstein did not enjoy the methods of instruction there. He often cut classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to play his beloved violin. He passed his examinations and graduated in 1900 by studying the notes of a classmate. His professors did not think highly of him and would not recommend him for a university position. For two years Einstein worked as a tutor and substitute teacher. In 1902 he secured a position as an examiner in the Swiss patent office in Bern. In 1903 he married Mileva Marià §, who had been his classmate at the polytechnic. They had two sons but eventually divorced. Einstein later remarried. Early Scientific Publications In 1905 Einstein received his doctorate from the University of Zà ¼rich for a theoretical dissertation on the dimensions of molecules, and he also published three theoretical papers of central importance to the development of 20th-century physics. In the first of these papers, on Brownian motion, he made significant predictions about the motion of particles that are randomly distributed in a fluid. These predictions were later confirmed by experiment. The second paper, on the photoelectric effect, contained a revolutionary hypothesis concerning the nature of light. Einstein not only proposed that under certain circumstances light can be considered as consisting of particles, but he also hypothesized that the energy carried by any light particle, called a photon, is proportional to the frequency of the radiation.

Summary and Response to What Shamu

She tries he usual ways to change him, such as counseling and a lot of nagging, but she soon resigns herself to the fact that these tactics are not going to work. While on a trip to California to research a school for exotic animal trainers, Sutherland studied the techniques students were using, such as â€Å"approximation†: rewarding the small steps toward learning a whole new behavior, â€Å"least reinforcing syndrome†: not responding in any way to bad behavior, and â€Å"incompatible behaviors†: a behavior that makes the undesirable behavior impossible. Soon she realized that these same quenches may very well work on her husband.After years of secretly training her husband with these techniques, she is pleased to tell readers that his behavior and their marriage are both much improved. I enjoyed reading Sutherland essay for the humor she uses in her writing. I particularly enjoy the way she refers to her husband as â€Å"the American husband† and  "my animal†, as if he is some other species in need of training in order to make a good pet. I must admit that even though I found the humor in this read, I found the whole idea of training your husband as you loud an animal to be complete nonsense. Did she write this piece as a joke? Retainer hope so, because if she meant for it to be serious and she actually tried this training on her husband, she has entirely too much time on her hands. Sutherland says â€Å"l began thanking Scott if he threw one dirty shirt into the hamper. If he threw in two, I'd kiss him. Meanwhile, I would Step over any soiled clothes on the floor without one sharp word, though did sometimes kick them under the bed. But as he basked in my appreciation, the piles became smaller† (251 I have a suggestion for you Mrs.. Sutherland, how bout you just ask, or tell if you have to, your husband to pick up his clothes.If he still doesn't honor your wishes, throw his clothes away each time you find them on the floor. This type obtaining usually works well. Call it the â€Å"toss clothes method†. No need for â€Å"approximations† here. If you would like to cook dinner without him hovering over you, how about you just tell him so. If this doesn't work, stop cooking him dinner. Would bet he figures out real quick that he shouldn't hover over you anymore. This is referred to as the â€Å"no din-din technique†. Who needs â€Å"incompatible behaviors† anyway? One more IP for you Mrs..

Science Periodic Table Essay

The Periodic Table The periodic table has been updated all throughout history. Elements have been around us since the beginning of time. Elements, such as gold and silver, are examples of these elements that have been known for centuries. The periodic table allows us to see the elements in their families so we can understand what properties they have. It also allows us to see the atomic number, atomic mass, and the symbol of the element. The periodic table is a source of knowledge that is still being updated as of this day.That is why the periodic table is such a valuable resource. In ancient times, the elements gold and silver were discovered. Another element that was known at this time was copper. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle said that all elements were made out of these four â€Å"roots. † The philosopher, Plato, renamed the â€Å"four roots† earth, fire, water, and air. Although they introduced the concept of elements, they did nothing to advance the nature of t he matter, which matter is made of. The age of enlightenment was a big adventure for the science world.Hennig Brand was the first person recorded to have discovered a new element. He was a German merchant who went bankrupt, while trying to discover the Philosopher’s Stone. The Philosopher’s stone was a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. He experimented with distilling human urine until he finally obtained a white substance which he named phosphorous in 1649. Brand did not go to the public with his discovery until another scientist named Robert Boyle rediscovered it and took it to the public.In 1661, Boyle defined an element has a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Antoine Lavoisier developed the first chemistry textbook. This included the elements oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, mercury, zinc, and sulfur. Lavoisier's descriptions of the elements only classified elements as metals or non-metals. Joh ann Dobereiner began to classify the elements in triads. These elements that belong to these triads had properties that were similar to each other. A few of these triads are as follows: 1.Chlorine, bromine, and iodine 2. Calcium, strontium, and barium 3. Sulfur, selenium, and tellurium 4. Lithium, sodium, and potassium. With all these triads, the atomic mass of the second element was almost exactly the average of the atomic weights of the first and third elements. By 1869, 69 elements had been discovered. Alexandre Chancourtois was the first to notice the periodicity of the elements. Similar elements seemed to occur at regular intervals when they were arranged by their atomic mass. He created an early version of the periodic table.He called it the telluric helix. When the elements were arranged on a cylinder by order of the increasing atomic mass, Chancourtois could tell that the elements with similar properties lined up vertically. He published this work in 1862, but there was litt le to go on. In 1865, John Newlands classified 56 elements that had been discovered previously into eleven groups based on similar physical properties. Newlands said that many pairs of similar elements existed differed by some multiple of eight in atomic number.Dimitri Mendeleev created the periodic table that we use today. He arranged the elements by their atomic mass and noticed that they lined up with the elements that had similar properties with each other. He also noticed that when they were arranged in this way, the valences lined up as well. When he published his table in 1869, it had many advantages. This table is more widely used in today’s time. The discovery of the periodic table is also the discoveries of the elements.As the elements were discovered, they were added to the periodic table. Since the beginning of time, more elements have been discovered. The most recent was ununpentium. It was discovered in 2011. As anyone can see the periodic table is continuing to grow and develop. It is a child of the elements. As each element is named, the periodic table grows. The periodic table will always be an ongoing process and the updating of it will never end. That is because new elements are discovered every day!

The Conscience of a Liberal

The Conscience of a Liberal The Way We Were Krugman starts by describing a period of many protests in the 1950s and 1960s (3). He describes it as a period of transition from economic disparity before World War II to a period of economic equality after World War II. Krugman attributes New Deal policies implemented during Roosevelt’s administration to having created the middle class. Thereafter, he develops the theory of movement conservatism that he argues led to the collapse of the New Deal policies.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Conscience of a Liberal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Krugman describes movement conservatism as a radical force aimed to repeal the New Deal policies. This force is possessed by the Republican Party and its sole purpose is to bring back the economic inequality experience before World War II. He explains its evolution from the time of Reagan’s presidency. He also writes that, contrary to pop ular belief, political order is not established by economic patterns. On the contrary, political developments lead these economic trends. He writes that the Republican Party has shifted significantly to the right while the Democratic Party has remained unchanged since the period of Roosevelt. He ends the chapter by stating that Americans have had enough in terms of movement conservatism and income inequality. The Long Gilded Age Krugman in an effort to demonstrate common inequalities in income starts by comparing the America before New Deal policies and the era of President George Bush. He then describes the ‘Long Gilded Age’ era as the time from 1870 to 1930 (15). It was a period of prolonged economic inequality. He attributes the voting rights for the upper class, Republican Party dominance and election fraud as reasons for the prolonged inequality. He also suggests that racial and cultural tensions prevented people from ganging up to overcome the inequality. These ra cial tensions were mainly between the predominant white and the Africa America black community. Likewise, the common belief that popular opinions could be facts only added to the reasons. However, in spite of the lack of approval from the government, some states began to carry out laws on pension for retirees. The implementation was however slow and small. The Great Depression had to happen for massive changes to take place. The Great Compression Krugman describes The Great Compression as a period between the 1920s and 1950s (37). It is a time when economic inequality in America significantly narrowed. In this chapter, he gives the reason for the decline in economic inequality. Due to taxes, the buying power of the upper class significantly reduced from 1920s. By 1960s, their income was taxed at 90%. The economy continued to grow and did not collapse as many conservatives had expected. This could be attributed to the emergence of middle class who were experiencing a sporadic increas e in purchasing power. Good salaries for the middle class increased their purchasing power. Similarly, better social welfare benefits also contributed to increased purchasing power.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These benefits formed part of the New Deal policies. They included health care benefits, unemployment insurance programs as well as retirement benefits. The benefits came about as a result of government bipartisanship and unionized labor. As an example, Krugman suggest how easy and popular it became to own a car to illustrate this decrease in inequality. The rise of middle class was also aided by Eisenhower’s interstate highways. The highway system provided the middle class with a means to use their cars. The Politics of the Welfare State In this chapter, Krugman gives reasons for the eventual change to a welfare nation (57). The main reason w as the rise of the Democratic Party to power. One of the factors that led to the rise of the party was the naturalization of mostly democrat immigrants. They were now able to vote. The Southerners also were attracted by the potential benefits associated with a welfare nation. The labor unions also played a big role to the rise of the Democratic Party. They provide the much needed structure, financing and mobilization in the party. Through the unions, the Democratic Party mobilized the mainly middle class to go out and vote. However, Republicans were still able to gain votes from the middle class since the economic policies of both parties at the time were almost the same. The Sixties: A Troubled Prosperity In this chapter, Krugman contrasts the rising sociopolitical unrest with the increasing economic prosperity of America in the 1960s (79). He specifically discusses â€Å"the explosion of crime, Vietnam, the civil rights movement, the growing welfare rolls, and the 1960s counter c ulture† (Krugman 79). In regard to counter culture, the social injustice in terms of police brutality and racial inequality against the African-Americans made them to act violently. However, the middle class continued to grow in spite of these social unrests. Social benefits such as health care, disability cover and unemployment cover were also available. Finally, Krugman disputes the popular belief that the Democrats were killed by Vietnam and suggests that it was in fact movement conservatism that killed the Democrats. He states that it was in the 1950s that â€Å"intellectual† movement conservatism started but it only matured in the 1960s. It was at this time however that movement conservatism as well as neoconservatives got the idea of how well to exploit the social unrest to their advantage. Movement Conservatism According to Krugman, William Buckley headed well financed group of conservatives that lobbied for movement conservatism (101). Their objectives included among others, the continued disenfranchisement of the African-Americans. Movement conservatism grew because of several factors.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Conscience of a Liberal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, there was the paranoia associated with communism which many Americans thought should be eliminated rather than being contained. Secondly, mid-sized business owners who were against increased benefits for employees also supported movement conservatism. The neoconservatives also supported movement conservatism. Many economists were against the involvement of the government in economic affairs. They lobbied for the government to be separated from economics. Similarly, sociologists joined them as they opposed liberal ideology. Both the economists and the sociologists were well funded by conservatives. Conservatives later founded conservative-minded organizations to fund and spread their ideo logies. Advancement was however slowed down by the election of Richard Nixon, a Democrat, as president. Nevertheless, the movement still remained active mostly due to issues concerning foreign affairs as well as economic crisis that were prevalent then. The Great Divergence In this chapter, Krugman starts by joining major debate that is common among economists (124). The debate is on whether most Americans are at a better financial position since the end of the economic boom in 1973. He analyzes both sides without taking a position. First, he acknowledges that Americans are experiencing a period of great prosperity. In spite of this, he argues that the median income has significantly deteriorated for each American. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. He attributes this to the decline of unions in the workplace which has led to stagnation of increases in wages and benefits for workers. The Politics of Inequality This chapter explains the reasons for the parti san divide between Democrats and Republicans. Krugman demonstrates this divide in the actions of both parties; Democrats increase taxation of the rich and the Republicans decrease taxation of the rich (153). Krugman attributes this inequality to radicalization of Republicans through movement conservatism. Republicans are now constantly seeking to revoke New Deal policies. However, the Democrats have not displayed any radical acts on their part. The Republicans’ radical forces are therefore responsible for that bipartisanship.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nowadays, by various foundations are busy funding Republicans to radicalize them to the point of extremism. These foundations fund campaigns, take up influential positions in government, and publicly scrutinize anti-radicals. They also fund radical media campaigns to entrench their ideas in the minds of the general public. According to Krugman, bipartisanship has now become a norm though it is still unclear what caused it. Weapons of Mass Distraction In this chapter, Krugman talks about the voting microeconomics (173). He also argues that, contrary to popular belief, the GOP has not duped voters. Krugman thinks the utility to vote must be greater than the utility to not vote for a voter to actually vote. This utility cannot be shifted by the campaigning of the political candidates. He also argues that the American voters have been divided by economic class and race more than they have been divided by religion and war. The patriotism and vote blocking have also shifted the way people vote. Similarly, the rise of immigrants unable to vote and the evolution of Christian evangelical neoconservatives also shifted voter support. The New Politics of Equality In this chapter, Krugman starts by looking at the Democratic House and Senate victories in 2006 (198). He posses several questions to the reader as to what this would mean. Would it mean an end to the economic inequality? However, he is of the idea that it is not likely. He also argues that movement conservatism will decline. First, the current global economic crisis has led to increased calls for government intervention in the economy. Secondly, reforms in health care can be introduced back. Lastly, national security issues and Iraq have lowered the credibility of conservatives. The general public is therefore not easily distracted or persuaded by them. On the issue of national security, Krugman acknowledges that it is still a future policy maker. In the past, conservative Republicans have portrayed themselves a s being tough on issues concerning national security. However, this is unlikely to help conservatives push forward their agenda because on previous mishandling of the war in Iraq. Mistakes such as insufficient funding of the war due to tax decrements for the rich, massive misappropriation of funds have destroyed the credibility of conservatives. Lastly, the race strategy is no longer a strong one. Krugman argues America is becoming more Hispanic and less white. It is not easy to racially discriminate against African Americans without discriminating against people who are mostly of Hispanic ancestry. The Health Care Imperative Krugman starts by discussing the moral ethics of guaranteed health care for the unhealthy at the expense of the healthy (214). He asks whether it is right for the healthy and those able to pay for their health care to be burdened with other people’s inabilities. Using various polls, he concludes that this is morally right. Furthermore, he writes that â⠂¬Å"a guaranteed national health care program is supported by majority of Americans† (Krugman 214). Movement conservatives know this but do not want to acknowledge publicly that what they think, that is, universal health care should not be for everyone. Instead, they say that there is no health care problem and go further to suggest that universal health care will reduce the quality of health care. In their arguments, they also think it will limit the choice of an individual to health care. They also claim it is uneconomical and impossible to implement. These arguments, Krugman argues, are just another way of lobbying for economic inequality within the health care system. Confronting Inequality Solutions to economic inequality are discussed in this chapter (244). Krugman states that inequality deprives the middle and lower class off economic progress. Similarly, these people are not able to realize the American dream. As a consequence, politics and society are negatively affec ted. Inequalities in wages lead to social inequality. The rich live extravagantly and become richer while the poor grow poorer. In an attempt to mimic the rich, the middle class take up loans to finance basic needs. They are however unable to repay and consequently end up bankrupt. Likewise, political funding to support the ideology of movement conservatism will increase. Lastly, the bonds of society are usually broken by inequality. Krugman divides inequality of income into two forms. These include disposable income inequality and market inequality. The government generates taxes from market inequalities. The inequality of income after taxes represents inequality of disposable income. One possible solution that Krugman suggests is the redistribution of bigger portion of income from taxes. This would mean to revise existing policies on tax. Particularly, he suggests reducing the tax cuts for the upper class. Krugman suggests a more elaborate taxation program is needed. This program will be used to generate enough money to fund all the welfare programs. However, the program should be devoid of any loophole. Similarly, the government must take measure to reduce inequality. Increasing minimum is one of the ways it can do that. Lastly, unionization can also offer a solution. Unions would advocate for workers rights on wages and also mobilize members to be politically conscious. The Conscience of a Liberal At the last chapter of the book, Krugman concludes his argument by logically proving an interesting paradox (265). The paradox is that Democrats, while trying to preserve history that Republicans are trying to destroy, have become conservatives while Republicans have become more radical. However, he is of the idea the two should be integrated, that is, he makes a call to be both conservative and progressive. This simply means to be liberal. Krugman argues liberal is the way to go. A liberal approach will ensure completion of the New Deal as well as the progessive forward movement of the New Deal. Krugman, Paul. The Conscience of a Liberal. 1st ed. New York: WW Norton Company, 2009. Print.

Quantify

Quantify Quantify Quantify By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked me to discuss the word quantify: I was hoping you could help me with the word quantify. I feel like Im not quite using it correctly. As a term in logic, quantify means to ascribe universal or particular quantity to a term or proposition. For example, the statement â€Å"Dogs are playful† is not quantified. Adding a word like some or all quantifies it: â€Å"Some dogs are playful.† â€Å"All dogs are playful.† The Ngram Viewer indicates that quantify, along with metrics, has become especially popular since the 1960s. A Google search brings up 23,700,000 results for quantify and 90,600,000 for metrics. Note: The business definition of metrics is â€Å"standards of measurement by which efficiency, performance, progress, or quality of a plan, process, or product can be assessed.†    The urge to quantify by accumulating metrics seems to be as popular in our culture as coveting granite countertops. Job hunters are urged to quantify their resumes. Organizations study performance metrics. Bloggers quantify success by counting such things as visits and comments. As far as I can tell, in general usage, quantify means â€Å"put everything you can in the form of numbers or percentages.† Three ways to Quantify Achievements on Your Resume Quantifying the Clickbait and Linkbait in BuzzFeed Article Titles Track Thyself: Quantify Your Life For Productivity, Fun Quantify your ergonomic risk The Quantified Baby How to quantify your bodybuilding and transform your physique Social media users are obsessed with quantifying: I wish that I  could give more than five stars  for mobile kangaroo! . On a scale of 1 to 10  how would you rate your life? As of today I have over 100 followers on Twitter, and more  than 80 subscribers to my blog!   My  meow mix  video got a million shares  on Facebook today. The only errors I found in the use of quantify were in statements that used quantify where I would expect qualify. For example: â€Å"You need to quantify your opinions.† As the speaker was not asking for numbers, the verb qualify, â€Å"to modify (a statement, opinion, etc.) by the addition of some limitation or reservation,† was the more appropriate choice. If there’s a problem with the use of quantify, it lies in the implied message that everything of importance can be rendered in terms of numerical facts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should Know"Owing to" vs "Due to"How Do You Fare?